The Papal Rooms and Chapels
Room of Constantine -- frecoes begun by Raphael, completed by his students
Room of Heliodorus -- ceiling frescoes by Raphael, other frescoes by Luca Signorelli, Bramantino, Lorenzo Lotto and Cesare da Sesto
Room of Segnatura -- frescoes by Raphael 1508-1511 for Pope Julius II
Urban VIII Chapel
The Sistine Chapel, named for Pope Sixtus IV, who restored the old Capella Magna in 1477-1480. The ceiling frescoes (1508-1512) and alter wall "Last Judgement" fresco (1535-1541) are by Michelangelo. Other frescoes were painted by Botteceli, Pinturicchio (Bernardino di Betto), and other famous artists. A major restoration was done 1984-1994 (see Wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes).
Wikipedia article on the Sistine Chapel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel
The alter wall fresco is Michelangelo's "Last Judgement"
Some close views...
See the wonderful, high resolution panaoramic view of the Sistine Chapel with zoom and directional control (and music), on the Vatican web site http://www.vatican.va/various/cappelle/sistina_vr/index.html